《THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS》薄膜太阳能电池 R.H. Bossert

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书名《THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS》薄膜太阳能电池
副标题：Technology Evaluation and Perspectives
作者 R.H. Bossert *
     C.J.J. Tool #
     J.A.M. van Roosmalen #
     C.H.M. Wentink #
     M.J.M. de Vaan *
Abstract
The main thin-film solar cell technologies are evaluated with respect to the criteria Cost,
Applicability, Sustainability and Compatibility with the Dutch PV infrastructure. This
evaluation concerns the following technologies in particular: thin film crystalline silicon,
separated into low and high temperature deposition processes (LT-f-Si, HT-f-Si), amorphous
silicon (a-(Si,Ge):H), copper indium-gallium di-selenide-sulphide (CIGS), cadmium telluride
(CdTe) and dye-sensitized (DSC) solar cells technologies. For this evaluation, multicrystalline
silicon (mc-Si) is used as a reference. This means that all scores (low, high, etc.) are relative to
mc-Si. Organic/polymeric cells are of special interest for the long term, but not enough data is
available for a full analysis. Interviews with experts from industry and R&D institutions and a
technology review form the basis for this evaluation. The present status, the short- and longterm
perspective are reviewed and the risk involved in the further developments is assessed, the
risk being separately evaluated and weighed. To facilitate comparison the criteria are quantified
and weighing factors are used to normalise the evaluation. Where possible, the developments
and data reflect the expected status in 2005.
A number of interesting patterns can be observed from this evaluation. In the category Cost,
a-(Si,Ge):H, LT-f-Si and DSC score better than mc-Si. In the category Applicability,
a-(Si,Ge):H, and to a lesser extent CIGS and CdTe, score high. LT-f-Si scores high for
Sustainability, both for its low toxicity content and a high resource availability. CIGS, CdTe and
HT-f-Si score low in the categorie Cost, Sustainability and Dutch infrastructure. As expected,
only the a-(Si,Ge):H technology scores well on the availability of a good PV R&D
infrastructure in The Netherlands. DSC scores relatively high on the R&D infrastructure, where
especially the international technological position is excellent.
Industrial activities world-wide are concentrated on high-rate and low-cost manufacturing
processes. At present industry is investing mainly in the x-Si, a-(Si,Ge):H, CIGS and CdTe
technologies. R&D is focused on improving efficiency, gaining a thorough understanding of the
material properties and developing new deposition techniques.
The interviews with experts indicate confidence in x-Si and a-(Si,Ge):H technologies with
regard to the criteria Costs, Efficiency and Risk control. The technology mapping confirms
these expectations. A major difficulty in scaling up the CIGS and CdTe technologies is the
control of active layer deposition over a large area. The critical risks involved in processing
LT-f-Si technologies are the deposition of the active layer and control of the material properties.
The a-(Si,Ge):H and LT-f-Si are strongly related and it is expected that they can benefit from
each other, with mutual spin-off’s and probably combined devices. HT-f-Si has a potential for
high efficiencies, but the development time is still long and no real successful deposition
process has been identified yet, so the level of uncertainty is high. It is anticipated that the dyesensitised
and the organic/polymeric solar cells will become important in the mid- to longer
term with advantages in Costs and Applicability. Much basic and applied research has yet to be
done on the stability for both types and the charge transport properties of organic/polymeric
materials.
During the interviews, several experts mentioned that more co-operation between research
groups and the industry is important on a European and intercontinental level.
Keywords: thin-film solar cells, technological evaluation, perspectives